Recovering from these injuries is an energy-intensive process in the brain, but the damage makes it hard for nerve cells to generate the necessary energy. These kinds of injuries include the production of harmful chemicals called free radicals, inflammation, impaired transport of molecules within nerve cells, and imbalances of key ions needed for nerve function. Secondary injuries are processes activated in the injured brain that can worsen the effects of a concussion. Some nerve fibers can recover from such an injury, but more severely injured nerve fibers can permanently lose their ability to send signals and communicate with other brain cells. They also alter the balance of ions and chemicals in the brain, which impairs nerve cell function and contributes to the loss of consciousness seen in concussion. In addition, different parts of the brain can move at different speeds, producing shearing forces that can stretch and tear nerve tissue. The brain is surrounded by fluid and protective membranes called meninges, which usually cushion the brain.ĭuring an impact, the brain is pushed against the inside of the skull and can be bruised. A concussion, which is a form of mild traumatic brain injury, occurs after a blow to the head.
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